Crosslinking Salivary Diagnosis with Non-Invasive Insights to Oral Pathology: Novel Systematic Insights to Personalized Medicine in Disease Management

Rehana  Kausar; Attia  Batool; Ashfaq Ahmad Shah  Bukhari; Abdul Rehman Khalil  Shaikh; Abdul  Aleem; Madeeha  Minhas; Muhammad  Hussain

doi:10.51253/pafmj.v75i3.13199

Authors

Rehana Kausar Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Islam Medical and Dental College, Sialkot Pakistan
Attia Batool Department of Rehablitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International university, Gulberg Lahore Pakistan
Ashfaq Ahmad Shah Bukhari Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
Abdul Rehman Khalil Shaikh Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan
Abdul Aleem Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Karachi Pakistan
Madeeha Minhas Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Hussain School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v75i3.13199

Keywords:

Biomarkers, Disease Progression, Histopathology, Molecular Diagnostics, Non-Invasive Imaging, Oral Cancer Personalized Medicine, Oral Pathology.

Abstract

Objective: To explore the integration of salivary biomarkers, histopathological validation, and advanced imaging for precision diagnosis and management of oral diseases.

Methodology: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Relevant studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were analyzed, with a focus on biomarker discovery, validation, and non-invasive diagnostic modalities in oral pathology. Data extraction emphasized study design, salivary biomarker specificity, imaging correlations, and clinical utility. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool, and the GRADE criteria were used to determine the evidence quality.

Results: Among the 15 studies included, 6 investigated salivary biomarkers for oral cancer detection, five evaluated non-invasive imaging modalities, and four explored molecular diagnostics in disease progression. Salivary biomarkers (e.g., IL-6, miRNA-21) demonstrated high specificity (AUC >0.85) in distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions. Non-invasive imaging enhanced diagnostic accuracy by 37% (p<0.001). Combined approaches improved early detection and treatment personalization.

Conclusion: Salivary diagnostics offer a powerful, non-invasive tool for personalized disease management in oral pathology. Integrating molecular biomarkers and imaging could revolutionize early detection, reducing the need for invasive procedures and enhancing patient outcomes. Further research is needed to validate biomarker-driven precision medicine strategies.

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