Immune Response to Dengue Virus Infection: Mechanisms and Implications

Abstract

Particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, dengue fever is a fast-expanding worldwide health concern with major hazards from severe forms including dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. With an eye toward processes including antibody-dependent enhancement, T-cell dysregulation, and the cytokine storm—all of which are vital in the pathophysiology to severe disease—this article discusses the immune-mediated pathogenesis of dengue. A serious issue during heterotypic serotype secondary dengue infections, antibody-dependent enhancement aggravates immune activation and promotes virus multiplication, therefore contributing to severe results. By causing an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, dysregulated T-cell responses exacerbate the situation even more and cause shock and vascular leaks. The consequences of these immune systems for the creation of dengue treatments and vaccines also are covered in the paper. The first licensed vaccination, Dengvaxia®, has sparked questions concerning antibody-dependent enhancement in people who are not dengue-naive, therefore stressing the need of safer substitutes. Though they show promise, new vaccination candidates such TAK-003 and TV003/TV005 need more research. Though further study is required, treatment choices like monoclonal antibodies and antivirals have promise for controlling severe dengue. Future studies underline enhancing vaccination safety, knowledge of immunological pathophysiology, and creation of creative treatments to better control and avoid severe dengue. Reducing the worldwide dengue load and improving disease outcomes in impacted populations depend on addressing these obstacles.