Evaluation of the Association Between Different Face Forms and Gingival Tissue Phenotype

Authors

  • Neha Arshad Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi Pakistan
  • Erum Amin Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi Pakistan
  • Ahsan Malik Department of Dental Education, Foundation University College of Dentistry, Islamabad Pakistani
  • Qurat-Ul-Ain Tariq Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi Pakistan
  • Zainab Nasir Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v75i1.10521

Keywords:

Hypodivergent face, Gingiva, Phenotype, Normodivergent face.

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the association between gingival tissue phenotype and different vertical facial patterns.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May 2021 to Nov 2022.

Methodology: Sixty-nine patients with good periodontal health who had not yet begun orthodontic treatment were chosen. The gingival phenotype was evaluated clinically. Patient face type was evaluated on the basis of two angles: maxillomandibular plan angle (MMA) and cranial base to mandibular plan angle (SN-MP) on lateral cephalograms.

Results: The age of subjects ranged from 16 to 34 years (mean age 20.3±4.9) with nearly equal number of males 33(47.8%) and females 36(52.2%) subjects. Gingival type was not found to be correlated with both gender as well as age (p>0.05). However, a significant correlation was seen between gingival and vertical facial types (p=0.01).  A significant difference was also seen between the attached maxillary and mandibular gingival widths and the vertical facial types (p=0.005 and p=0.05, respectively).

Conclusion:  The hyperdivergent face form is associated with a thin gingival phenotype, and the hypodivergent face form is associated with a thick gingival biotype. The normodivergent face type had a higher frequency of thin gingival biotypes in the studied population.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Geoghegan F, Birjandi AA, Xavier GM, DiBiase AT. Motivation, expectations and understanding of patients and their parents seeking orthodontic treatment in specialist practice. J Orthod 2019; 1; 46(1): 46–50.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1465312518820330

Jepsen S, Caton JG, Albandar JM, Bissada NF, Bouchard P, Cortellini P, et al. Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions: Classification and case definitions for periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45: S219–229.

https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.17-0733

Verrusio C, Iorio-Siciliano V, Blasi A, Leuci S, Adamo D, Nicolò M, et al. The effect of orthodontic treatment on periodontal tissue inflammation: A systematic review. Quintessence Int 2018; 49(1) :69–77. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.a39225

Kao RT, Curtis DA, Kim DM, Lin GH, Wang CW, Cobb CM, et al. American Academy of Periodontology best evidence consensus statement on modifying periodontal phenotype in preparation for orthodontic and restorative treatment. J.Periodontol 2020; 91(3): 289–298.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jper.19-0577

Coatoam GW, Behrents RG, Bissada NF. The Width of Keratinized Gingiva during Orthodontic Treatment: Its Significance and Impact on Periodontal Status. J.Periodontol 1981; 52(6): 307–313. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1981.52.6.307

Vlachodimou E, Fragkioudakis I, Vouros I. Is There an Association between the Gingival Phenotype and the Width of Keratinized Gingiva? A Systematic Review. Dent J 2021; 9(3): 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9030034

Valletta R, Pango A, Tortora G, Rongo R, Simeon V, Spagnuolo G, et al. Association between Gingival Biotype and Facial Typology through Cephalometric Evaluation and Three-Dimensional Facial Scanning. Appl Sci 2019; 9(23): 5057.

https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235057

Menezes CC de, Barros SE, Tonello DL, Aliaga-Del Castillo A, Garib D, Bellini-Pereira SA, et al. Influence of the growth pattern on cortical bone thickness and mini-implant stability. Dental Press J Orthod 2021; 25:33–42.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.25.6.033-042.oar

Assiri M, Shafik S, Tawfig A. Association between gingival tissue biotype and different facial phenotypes. Saudi Dent J 2019; 31(4): 476-480.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.04.002

Kloukos D, Kalimeri E, Koukos G, Stähli A, Sculean A, Katsaros C. Gingival thickness threshold and probe visibility through soft tissue: a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Invest 2022; 26(8): 5155–5161.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04483-0

Wang CW, Yu SH, Mandelaris GA, Wang HL. Is periodontal phenotype modification therapy beneficial for patients receiving orthodontic treatment? An American Academy of Periodontology best evidence review. J Periodontol 2020; 91(3): 299–310.

https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.19-0037

Yilmaz MNN, Inonu E. The evaluation of gingival phenotype by clinicians using the visual inspection method. Quintessence Int 2023; 54(7): 600-606.

https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b3974881

Kloukos D, Koukos G, Gkantidis N, Sculean A, Katsaros C, Stavropoulos A. Transgingival probing: a clinical gold standard for assessing gingival thickness. Quintessence Int 2021; 52(5): 394–401.

https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b937015

Sarma M, Shenoy N, Bhandary R. Gingival Biotype: A Secret for Esthetic Success. J Health Allied Sci 2022; 12(1): 13–17.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731116

De Freitas Silva BS, Silva JK, Silva LR. Accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography in determining gingival thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Invest 2023; 27(5): 1801-1814.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-04905-7

Da Costa FA, Perussolo J, Dias DR, Araújo MG. Identification of thin and thick gingival phenotypes by two transparency methods: A diagnostic accuracy study. J Periodontol 2023; 94(5): 673-682.

https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.22-0488

Kaur H, Singh N, Gupta H, Chakarvarty A, Sadana P, Gupta N, et al. Effect of various malocclusion on maximal bite force- a systematic review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12(5): 687–93.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.08.009

Yamada T, Sugiyama G, Mori Y. Masticatory muscle function affects the pathological conditions of dentofacial deformities. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2020; 56(1): 56-61.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.12.001

Gaffuri F, Cossellu G, Maspero C. Correlation between facial growth patterns and cortical bone thickness assessed with cone-beam computed tomography in young adult untreated patients. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33(3): 161-167.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.01.009

Shafizadeh M, Amid R, Tehranchi A, Motamedian SR. Evaluation of the association between gingival phenotype and alveolar bone thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 133: 105287.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105287

Salti L, Holtfreter B, Pink C. Estimating effects of craniofacial morphology on gingival recession and clinical attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol. 2017; 44(4): 363-371.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12661

Kaya Y, Alkan Ö, Alkan EA, Keskin S. Gingival thicknesses of maxillary and mandibular anterior regions in subjects with different craniofacial morphologies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2018; 154(3): 356-364.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.11.039

Downloads

Published

28-02-2025

Issue

Section

Original Articles

How to Cite

1.
Arshad N, Amin E, Malik A, Tariq Q-U-A, Nasir Z. Evaluation of the Association Between Different Face Forms and Gingival Tissue Phenotype. Pak Armed Forces Med J [Internet]. 2025 Feb. 28 [cited 2025 Mar. 28];75(1):73-7. Available from: https://pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/view/10521